The legality of Israel’s existence has been challenged often, however, both in and out of the United Nations. For instance, In testimony to the United States Senate in 1977 about Jewish settlements on the West Bank, W.T. Mallison of George Washington University argued that Israel refused to comply with nondiscriminatory requirements of Palestine partition resolution. James Crawford argued more recently that Israel was created by the use of force, without the consent of any previous sovereign and without complying with any valid act of disposition.